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Tackling extremes: Challenges for ecological and evolutionary research on extreme climatic events.

机译：应对极端事件：极端气候事件的生态和进化研究面临的挑战。

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Summary Extreme climatic events (ECEs) are predicted to become more frequent as the climate changes. A rapidly increasing number of studies – though few on animals – suggest that the biological consequences of ECEs can be severe. However, ecological research on the impacts of ECEs has been limited by a lack of cohesiveness and structure. ECEs are often poorly defined and have often been confusingly equated with climatic variability, making comparison between studies difficult. In addition, a focus on short-term studies has provided us with little information on the long-term implications of ECEs, and the descriptive and anecdotal nature of many studies has meant it is still unclear what the key research questions are. Synthesizing the current state of work is essential to identify ways to make progress. We conduct a synthesis of the literature and discuss conceptual and practical challenges faced by research on ECEs. We consider three steps to advance research. First, we discuss the importance of choosing an ECE definition and identify the pros and cons of ‘climatological’ and ‘biological’ definitions of ECEs. Secondly, we advocate research beyond short-term descriptive studies to address questions concerning the long-term implications of ECEs, focussing on selective pressures and phenotypically plastic responses and how they might differ from responses to a changing climatic mean. Finally, we encourage a greater focus on multi-event studies that help us understand the implications of changing patterns of ECEs, through the combined use of modelling, experimental and observational field studies. This study aims to open a discussion on the definitions, questions and methods currently used to study ECEs, which will lead to a more cohesive approach to future ECE research.
机译：小结预计随着气候变化，极端气候事件（ECE）会更加频繁。越来越多的研究（尽管对动物的研究很少）表明，ECE的生物学后果可能很严重。但是，由于缺乏凝聚力和结构，有关生态ECS影响的生态研究受到了限制。 ECE定义不清，经常被混淆为气候变异性，因此很难进行研究之间的比较。此外，对短期研究的关注使我们对欧洲经委会的长期影响知之甚少，而且许多研究的描述性和轶事性质也意味着尚不清楚关键的研究问题是什么。综合当前的工作状态对于确定取得进展的方式至关重要。我们对文献进行综述，并讨论欧洲经委会研究面临的概念和实践挑战。我们考虑了三个步骤来推进研究。首先，我们讨论选择ECE定义的重要性，并确定ECE的“气候”和“生物学”定义的优缺点。其次，我们提倡在短期描述性研究之外的研究，以解决有关ECEs的长期影响的问题，重点关注选择性压力和表型可塑性响应，以及它们与对变化的气候平均值的响应有何不同。最后，我们鼓励更多地关注多事件研究，通过结合使用建模，实验和观察性实地​​研究，帮助我们了解ECE模式改变的含义。这项研究的目的是就目前用于研究ECE的定义，问题和方法展开讨论，这将为将来的ECE研究提供一种更具凝聚力的方法。

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